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City of civilization destroyed by bombardments: Aleppo
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Aleppo, which has been the cradle of many civilizations throughout history in Syria, which has been turned into ruin by the lead of US and Russia, is being destroyed by attacks from air and land. Help screams of children and women who are waiting for death in Aleppo, where civilian people are trapped in a 30-kilometer area and where humanitarian assistance is blocked, are not heard by the executives of the Islamic countries who are accounting their benefits as well as by western states.

A history is being destroyed in Aleppo, which is ruthlessly destroyed in front of the eyes of the world. History once again repeats history in Aleppo, where massacres were carried out by the Byzantines before.

The city where civilizations meet

The history of Aleppo dates back to B.C. 3 thousand years ago, the second largest city of Syria, which has been almost ruined by international interest accounts. Aleppo, which hosted for many civilizations, first became capital of the Yamhad Kingdom during the 18th century B.C., and later became one of the most important provincial centers of the Hittite Kingdom. Aleppo, which was an independent state in the name of the Kingdom of Halpa for a period, entered the domination of the Assyrian Empire, Persia, Rome and Byzantine respectively.

Aleppo became a center of Christianity during the Byzantine period and in 637 it was conquered by Muslims under the command of İyaz bin Ganem and joined to the Islamic lands. Having met with Islam, Aleppo became the dominant, besides the trade center, as well as important centers of science, entered under the rules of Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasids, Fatimid Caliphate, Hamdanid dynasty, Seljuk Empire, Ayyubid dynasty, Mamluk Sultanate and Ottomans.

The Aleppo, which was captured by the Muslims without blood, was destroyed by the Byzantine attacks

Meanwhile, Aleppo, which was exposed to the attacks of Byzantium as well as the internal rebellions, suffered great damage from time to time. Aleppo, which was the capital of Hamdanid, was almost destroyed by the Byzantine attack in 962. Byzantine, which occupied Aleppo, had massacred thousands of people in a week, and the city was ruined by the looting and destruction. Aleppo, the Muslims' conquest bloodlessly, was destroyed by the Byzantine attacks. Aleppo, taken back by Muslims later, could not recovered for a long time due to the destruction of the Byzantines.

The third largest city after Istanbul and Cairo

In the period when it was an important center in East and West trade, Aleppo entered under the Ottoman rule by Selim I (1516), was further developed and became a state. Aleppo, which played an important role in the economic and political development of settlements in northern Syria as a province center, became the third largest city after Istanbul and Cairo in the Ottoman Empire. Aleppo, having an important economic and political place in the Syrian territory until the 19th century, began to lose its former significance with the rise of Damascus and Beirut.

Aleppo autonomous administration and connection to Syria

During the First World War, the Aleppo, occupied by the British with the withdrawal of the Ottomans, was tied to the Kingdom of Syria that was later established. Entering Damascus and Aleppo with the excuse of Sykes-Picot and Mandate agreement, France tried to establish a new statehood here to expand their exploitation area. By the end of 1922, the French formed a federal state with central Aleppo, combining the Aleppo Autonomous Region with the Damascus, Druze and Alevi autonomous regions they formed with it. In 1924, this federal state was made unitary under the name of Syria, and the government moved to central Damascus. While Syria was declared an independent state by the United Nations on February 29, 1945, following the events of 1946, the French were withdrawn from the country by UN decision.

Having lost its appeal for some time after leaving from the Ottoman Empire, Aleppo continued to be one of the most important trade centers in the country with the establishment of the Syrian state. Before Syria has been ruined, 38 percent of the country's trade was done through Damascus and 30 percent through Aleppo. In addition to being a trade center, Aleppo was also one of Syria's most important industrial centers.

Aleppo, Science and culture city

Before Islam, Aleppo became one of the important centers of Christianity by the Byzantines and became one of the important centers of science and culture after opening its doors to Muslims. Many mosques have been built by the entrance of Islam into the city, in the Great Mosque in the city there is a tomb which is considered to be belonged to Prophet Zechariah. In Aleppo, where many scholars were trained by many madrasahs, a total of 44 large madrasas were found in the 1260s, including 21 Shafi'i’s and 23 Hanafis.

Despite the devastation of Byzantium and Mongols, many mosques belonging to Umayyad and Abbasids, Seljuk, Ayyubid and Mamluk periods preserved their existence so far.

Many scholars in Aleppo who suffered from great damage destruction of Crusaders and Mongols in the field of science and culture had to migrate to Egypt. But despite all the devastation, many scholars from the city came out. Libraries were also established in Aleppo, where madrassas, mosques and social institutions were built during the Mamluks period. Many books have been written related to Qur'an, hadith and four sects on fiqh, tafsir and procedural sciences.

The philosopher Fârâbî, the literary historian Abu'l-Ferâd al-Isfahânî, the scholar Ibn Nubâte, the language scholars Ibn Hâlâye (Hâleveyh) and Ibn Cinnî, the poets Ebü't-Tayyib al-Mütenebbî, Abu Firâs al-Hamdânî and Abu Bakr as-Sanuberi such as famous people Şehâbeddin al-Suhreverdî and Imaduddin al-Nesîmî, were also raised in Aleppo.

The most prominent of Aleppo in medical science is the author of the work al-Kafi fi'l-ku?l, by Halifee b. Abu'l-Mehasin. Ali b. Yûsuf el-Kıftî who spent part of his life in Aleppo as a vizier of Ayyubids, is also an important medical historian.

The madrassas built during the reign of Nuraddin Mahmud in Aleppo, which had a very bright era during the Zengîs and Ayyubids, became religious institutes where juridical debates [Sharia] were taught.

Cultural Capital of Islam

After the independence of Syria, the city of Aleppo began to open its architecture faculty for the first time in 1946, making the city the second largest education center in the country today. Currently, there are faculties, many academies, institutes and medical faculty students, which have been serving with various faculties since 1958 and the total number of students is approaching 60 thousand, also there is a practice and a high specialized hospital which is the biggest health institution in the city.

The historic city center of Aleppo has been selected as a UNESCO Cultural Heritage List in 1986 and the Islamic Cultural Capital of the Islamic World was selected by the OIC in 2006. Many of the historical places were restored until 2011 in Aleppo, which was selected as the Islamic Cultural Capital of the year 2006.

Aleppo as a commercial center

In the Aleppo region, which maintains its commercial viability for almost every period due to its location, some of the convoy would set out from the inns that still carry on their activities today in various cities of Syria, and would lead to Anatolia, Iraq, Iran, Hejaz, Yemen, and Oman to India, China, Egypt and North African countries. Aleppo, which called the New Palmira by Europeans till to Middle Ages due to its commercial prosperity, maintained its position until the Portuguese found the trade route to India in 1497. Aleppo, which maintained its position in the Ottoman sovereignty, became one of the two most important cities of the country after the establishment of Syria.

Before the destruction, 38 percent of the Syrian trade was done through Damascus and 30 percent through Aleppo. In addition to being a commercial center, Aleppo is also one of Syria's most important industrial centers. There were glass, cement and various textile factories in the city, while traditional hand weaving looms were also active.

Population of Aleppo

Kurds, Armenians and Jews live in Aleppo, the majority of which are Arabs and Turkmen.

The population of the city, which consists mostly of Muslims belonging to Hanafi and Shafi'i sects, was 99,179 in 1883, whereas in the year of 1908, 71,4% Muslim, 20,6% Christian and 8% Jewish, out of 119,811 thousand, 340 thousand in 1946, 750 thousand in 1976, 985 thousand 413 in 1983, and a million 445 thousand in 1992. The population of the city center is estimated to be more than 1.7 million in 2011 and more than 4 million in the periphery. However, after the destruction, the population declined rapidly to 350 thousand.

The world is deaf to the screams of children under bombardment

300,000 civilians, who are being locked in 30 kilometers under the heavy attacks of militias fighting within Russia and Baath regime in the country, people massacres every day, and children's screams are not being heard by the world public opinion. The city where the Islamic countries have become insensitive to the struggle for national interests, is in ruins similar to Crusader and Mongol invasions as it is in history. (ILKHA)















































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