Share of R&D expenditure in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 1.06%

While gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) in GDP was 1.03% in 2018, it was realized as 1.06% in 2019.

The most R&D expenditure was in financial and non-financial corporations

Share of financial and non-financial corporation's R&D expenditures in total R&D expenditure was by 64.2%. This sector was followed by higher education by 29.2% and general government including private non-profit sector by 6.6% respectively. Personnel expenditures constituted the largest expenditure item among R&D expenditures with 51.6%.

Financial and non-financial corporations ranked first with 56.3% in R&D funding in 2019

R&D expenditure was funded by financial and non-financial corporations by 56.3% in 2019. This was followed by general government by 29.4%, higher education by 12.8%, foreign funds by 1.5% and other national sources by 0.02% respectively.

182, 847 R&D personnel were employed in terms of full-time equivalent (FTE)

Total number of FTE R&D personnel was 182 thousand 847 in 2019. FTE R&D personnel in 2019 increased by 6.2% compared to the previous year. Regarding FTE R&D personnel distribution by sectors, 62.9% was employed in financial and non-financial corporations, 32.3% was employed in higher education and 4.9% was employed in general government including private non-profit sector as well in 2019.

The ratio of female R&D personnel was 31.8% in terms of full-time equivalent

Total number of female FTE R&D personnel was 58 thousand 224 in 2019 which constitutes 31.8% of total FTE R&D personnel. When the sectors were taken into consideration, the ratio of female FTE R&D personnel in financial and non-financial corporations was 25.7%. This was followed by general government including private non-profit sector by 28.5% and higher education by 44.4%.

32.8% of R&D personnel have doctorate or higher education level

It was observed that 32.8% of the R&D personnel had a doctoral level or equivalent. This was followed by bachelor level or equivalent with 32.5%, master level or equivalent with 24.6%, short-cycle tertiary education level with 5.1% and upper secondary education level and below with 5%. When the R&D personnel in terms of FTE were analyzed according to their education levels, bachelor level ranked first with 44.5%. This was followed by master level or equivalent with 21.6%, doctoral and equivalent level with 19.8%, short-cycle tertiary education level with 7.2% and upper secondary education level with 6.7%.

The highest R&D expenditure was in TR51 (Ankara) Region

According to Statistical Regions (SR) Level 2, R&D expenditure in 2019 was the highest in TR51 (Ankara) region with 31.6%, this region was followed by TR10 (İstanbul) region by 26.4% and TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) region by 9.5%.

According to R&D personnel, TR10 (İstanbul) region by 28.5% was in the first place. This region was followed by TR51 (Ankara) region with 18.7% and TR42 (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova) region by 7.3%.

Export share of enterprises performing R&D activities in the manufacturing sector was 50.5%

Enterprises in the manufacturing sector, which carry out R&D activities, made 50.5% of the total exports of the manufacturing sector and 36.6% of the total production value of the manufacturing sector in 2019. In the previous year, these rates were 46.1% and 36.5%, respectively. (ILKHA)